Subnet Sheet - Easy Way to Learn

	Hosts	Netmask	Amount of a Class C
/30	4	255.255.255.252	1/64
/29	8	255.255.255.248	1/32
/28	16	255.255.255.240	1/16
/27	32	255.255.255.224	1/8
/26	64	255.255.255.192	1/4
/25	128	255.255.255.128	1/2
/24	256	255.255.255.0	1
/23	512	255.255.254.0	2
/22	1024	255.255.252.0	4
/21	2048	255.255.248.0	8
/20	4096	255.255.240.0	16
/19	8192	255.255.224.0	32
/18	16384	255.255.192.0	64
/17	32768	255.255.128.0	128
/16	65536	255.255.0.0	256

CCNA Protocols – Rounting Protocols II

Distance -vector:-

·         In this technique it use distance -vector algorithm which uses a direction to any link in the interconnection network to determine the best route.

·         Each router periodically send information to the neighbor on the cost to get to distance node.

·         The main problem with distance -vector is that it updates the network step by step so it requires more bandwidth to process the information.

·         Problems with distance -vector

Different types of problems are.

·         Routing loops

·         Counting to infinity

·         Solutions

·         setting infinity values

·         split horizon

·         hold-down timers

·         same neighbor problem

·         different neighbor better metric

·         different neighbor poorer metric

Link state:-

·         It maintains a complex database on the topology of the network.

·         It uses the link state algorithm (LSA) to advertise the routing information from routers.

·         Each router built up a topological database with themselves at the top of the tree.

·         Routers keep communicating with neighbors at latest state.

Problem with link-state

·         It requires more processing power to communicate with each other.

·         It requires more memory to store LSA and topological database.

·         Link state updates

·         Scaling

·         It initially sends up high demand for updates.

Hybrid routing

·         It uses a combination of both balance and hybrid routing.

·         It uses distance -vector technique for more accurate metrics to determine the best path.

·         It reports routing information when change occurs in topology – link-state.

·         Intermediate system-to-intermediate system (IS-IS).

·         Enhance interior gateway routing protocol (EIGRP).

Related new:- CCNA Protocols – Rounting Protocols I,CCNA Protocols – Rounting Protocols

CCNA Protocols – Rounting Protocols I

Different factors can be involved in dynamic routing. They are as follows.

·         Bandwidth

·         Delay

·         Load

·         Reliability

·         Hop count

·         Ticks

·         Cost

Dynamic update

·         The knowledge is contained in the updates.

·         When the router send the updates.

·         It tells us the location of the recipients updates.

·         It is send by two different methods

·         Broadcast method

·         Event – driven.

Default routing

In this technique they are defined by system administrator and define the path that is taken if there is no route known for destination.

Static routing

·         In this type of routing system administrator can sets manual routes for the network.

·         This type of configuration can reduce overheads of dynamic routing.

·         It allows the internet work administrator to specify the information about the network.

Routing protocols technique

Basically there are three types of routing protocols technique.

·         Distance- vector examples are (RIP, IGRP)

·         Link -state examples are (OSPF, BGP, EGP)

·         Hybrid examples are (IS-IS, EIGRP)

Related article:-CCNA Protocols – Rounting Protocols 

CCNA Protocols – Rounting Protocols

CCNA Protocols – Rounting Protocols

·         These protocols that filter network traffic.

·         They have many routes between them.

·         It depends on the router to choose the best path i.e maintain routing table.

·         It can do different number of functions like hop number, bandwidth, latency, average error rates, current network traffic etc.

Types of protocols of routing

·         Routing information protocols (RIP)

·         Interior gateway routing protocol (IGRP)

·         Open shortest path first (OSPF)

·         Exterior gateway protocol (EGP)

·         Enhanced interior gateway routing protocol (EIGRP)

·         Border gateway protocol (BGP)

·         Intermediate system-to-intermediate system (IS-IS)

Routing fundamentals

·         The network layer has two types of protocols like routing protocols and routed protocols.

·         In routing protocols router share information with each other. Protocols like RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF.

·         In routed protocols any of the network protocols address a host and a destination on to the given network. Protocols like IP, IPX, and NetBEUI.

Another thing is that basically there are two types of routing.

·         Dynamic routing.

·         Static routing.

Dynamic routing

·         In dynamic routing monitor network can change their routing tables.

·         They knows everything about the internet work.

·         They can do security concerns for the path selections.

Five things you should know before hooking up your wireless network

Let's face it, wireless networking is everywhere and, in most cases, it is insecure and out of control. To the average household user, they assume that it should always "just work" and just "be secure". To IT Pros like you and I, we know that while wireless networking has become a fact of life, it will always be a source of concern. So, the next time your boss asks you to put up a new wireless network, I hope that you will take pause and consider the 5 things you will learn about wireless in this article.


Why I wrote this article

Even in business today, it is tough to not use wireless. Every laptop come with it. PDA's have it. People use it at home. The CEO thinks its cool. To the users it just seem obvious to have wireless everywhere, just like it does to hook up their ipod on their work PC. I mean, if you have all these things at home, why not have them at work, right?
However, after using wireless at my office and all the research I did while creating the Train Signal Wireless Networking video series, part of me just wants to "turn it all off". As part of the TS Wireless administration video series, one of the things I did was demonstrate how to hack wireless security protocols. I demonstrated how easy it is to hack WEP with brute force. I demonstrated how easy it is to hack WPA1 with a dictionary attack. I demonstrated how easy it is to see a wireless access point even if the SSID broadcast is disabled. I showed you where you can find a list of all the default username and passwords for wireless access points and routers.
At my office, we have pulled out hair out dealing with periodic wireless disconnects, show performance, and interference.
I wrote this article for every admin out there who is about to install a new wireless network or even for the home wireless user who just wants to know more about the "gotchas" of wireless networking.

#1 Don't do it unless you have to

For all the reasons above, my approach to wireless has become "don't do it unless you have to". If you can, for a reasonable price, run a cable to the location you want to use a computer, by all means, do it. Wireless should only be installed if you have to, if there is business need, if you are willing to invest in quality hardware & troubleshooting tools, and if you have an IT Pro secure it properly.  Wireless may be easier up front but it will be much more difficult to troubleshoot and maintain in the long run than that cable run would have been.

#2 Default configurations are not secure

You cannot leave wireless gear set a the default configuration. This includes- SSID name, admin username & password, wireless security method, wireless encryption key, etc.  All of those need to be changed.

Need Wireless networking training?Consider the Train Signal Wireless Networking video training course!

Lately, I have noticed that, more and more, the wireless gear manufacturers have gotten smarter and have made the default configurations with a higher level of security. While that is good, keep in mind that wireless gear doesn't work like a toaster where you can just plug it in and use it. Like any operating system or piece of network gear, it must be properly setup. Make sure you do some research on how to properly set it up and secure it. Alternatively, you might find a fellow IT Pro or consultant that has experience in doing this and contract them to do it for you the first wireless AP....

#3 Secure your wireless network with WPA2 & AES256

In the Wireless Networking video series I created, I went into al the different methods of securing your wireless network. Still, the only one that I can recommend is WPA2 with AES. If you are just using a local key this is called "WPA2 Personal". If the authentication goes back to a RADIUS server, it is called "WPA Enterprise". Also, note that there is WPA and WPA2. On many wireless APs they have WPA listed but that is not the same as WPA2.
Here is my home Linksys wireless AP:

As you can see, it doesn't offer WPA2. While it would be nice to get a new AP that supports this, an alternative and equally safe security method is to us WPA (WPA1) Personal (also called pre-shared) as long as you use a non-dictionary and lengthy key. For example, you could use "IwishIhad2dogsnamedrover!" as your key and be confident that you are secure.

WEP has proven that it can be cracked with brute force so I wouldn't recommend it at all. Still, many wireless equipment manufactures act like they are saving the day and securing your network because they enable WEP with some kind of default key.

#4 Perform a site survey

I don't care if you are about to install a new wireless network or if yours has been up for a year. If you haven't performed a wireless site survey, you need to. There are a limited number of channels and wireless interference can cause a lot of headaches, performing a site survey isn't expensive or difficult.

#5 Buy quality gear and troubleshooting tools

Believe me, I have used price as my primary wireless gear selection factor and have regretted it later. I know there are a lot of brands of wireless gear out there. I have used all the inexpensive gear before I finally broke down and bought some Cisco gear. It was strange how, after using Cisco's gear, the interference and periodic disconnects all went away. Now, that is all I buy for business purposes.


SummaryIn summary, make sure you are very careful with how and where you user wireless networking. There are plenty of companies in the news who lost millions because they didn't have a secure wireless network. None of us want our name associated with one of those stories. Unlike a network cable, wireless networks can extend your network to the parking lot and, in some cases to the building next door. You don't want to do that unless you have to. If you have a valid business reason, then make sure you are willing to spend adequate time and money to ensure that your wireless network is almost as secure as the wired network. I hope that these tips go a long way towards ensuring that your wireless network is secure.

Configuring a Windows 2003 Server to exchange RIP routes with a Cisco router – Part 1

Did you know that a Windows Server can act as a router? Even better, did you know that a Windows server could be configured to exchange routes with a Cisco router? In this two part series, we will show you how to configure both the Windows server and the Cisco router to exchange routes. Let's find out how it is done.

Why would you want a Windows Server to exchange RIP routes with a Cisco Router?

There are a number of applications for these two different network devices to exchange routes. Here are some possible needs for this:

• You have a Cisco router on your network and need a second router but all you have is a Windows server.
• For testing / lab purposes
• Because Windows servers cost much less than Cisco routers
• To have a Windows server exchange routes, not only with a Cisco router, but also with any other device that runs RIP (like a Cisco PIX, ASA, or small firewall)

Our Network
In the diagram below, you can see our sample network. In this, part 1, of this series, we will be configuring the Windows 2003 Server shown in the diagram. In Part 2, we will configure the Cisco router.
Network Diagram
This configuration was performed on a Windows 2003 SP1 Server that has two NIC interfaces. It was demonstrated using VMware Workstation with two virtual interfaces - one going to my normal LAN and the other going to the VMware Host Only network. However, the steps would be exactly the same if they were performed on a PC with two NICs, connected to two different LANs.

Why use RIP?

RIP is a great protocol for small networks. It is included on more network devices than any other routing protocol and it is easy to configure. Sure, this scenario could be the same using just about any other routing protocol that both of your network devices can run.

Configure Windows 2003 Server to function as a RIP router

To configure your Windows Server to function as a RIP router, go to Start | Administrative Tools | Routing and Remote Access, like this:

If you haven't done so already, you'll need to configure Routing and Remote access, by right-clicking on the server, like this:

I chose Custom Configuration for the configuration type, then LAN Routing.

When you are finished, choose to Start the Remote Access Service.
Now that RRAS is installed and started, expand your server in the RRAS console. You should see the IP Routing section. Click on General. You should see your interfaces on the right hand side.
Right-click on General and click New Routing Protocol.

Now choose RIP Version 2 for Internet Protocol and click OK.

There will now be a RIP section under IP Routing. Click on that section.
Right-Click on the RIP section and click New Interface.

Click on your first interface, let's say "Local Area Connection", and click OK.

Leave all the defaults as they are and click, OK.

Repeat this for the second interface.
When you are done, it should look like this:

The configuration of the Windows 2003 Server's RIP routing protocol is complete.
The next step in this configuration is configuring the Cisco router that will tackle this in Part 2 of this series.
Summary
In summary, configuring Windows Server Routing and Remote Access (RRAS) can be complex. Many people would say that it would be even more complex to get a Windows "router" to talk to a Cisco Router and exchange routes. However, in this series, we will demonstrate that it is really not that difficult. Check out Part 2!

Computer Networking Terminology

There are thousands of words, phrases and terms used in the networking world. Since most of us are not future Cisco employees we decided to list some of the more common terminology you may come across or need to know. Here is a listing of important words, phrases and terms you should know about networking.

• Bandwidth - the rated throughput capacity of a given network media or protocol. The amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time.
  

• Backbone - A high-speed link joining together several networks.
  

• Bit – A unit of information having just two possible values, as either of the binary digits 0 or 1.
  

• Byte - a series of consecutive binary digits that are operated upon as a unit. There are 8 bits in a byte.
  
• Category 5 (cat 5) cable -A type of twisted pair network wiring in which there is a certain number of twists per foot. It is the most commonly used network cabling.
  

• Coaxial Cable - A type of cable consisting of two insulating layers and two conductors most commonly used in older networks.
  

• Collision - An attempt by two devices to transmit over the network at the same time usually resulting in the data being lost.
  
• DNS (Domain Name System) – an internet service that translates domain names into IP addresses. For example www.google.com translates to 66.102.7.99.
  
• Dynamic DNS - A method of keeping a domain name linked to a changing IP address using a pool of available IP addresses so you can use applications that require a static IP address.

• Domain - A group of computers and devices on a network that are administered as a unit.
  

•  DHCP ( Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol )– A TCP/IP protocol that dynamically assigns an IP address to a computer. Dynamic addressing simplifies network administration because the software keeps track of IP addresses rather than requiring a network administrator to do so.
  

•  Ethernet - Ethernet is the most widely installed local area network technology. It was developed during the late 1970s through a partnership of DEC, Intel, and Xerox.

• Fiber Optic –A cable technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibers) to transmit data. It is a very fast technology
  

• Gateway - A device on a network that serves as an entrance to another network and routes traffic
  

• Hardware (MAC) address – A unique address associated with a particular network device
  

• Hub - A common connection point for computers and devices in a network that takes an incoming signal and repeats it on all other ports
  

• Internet - Term used to refer to the world's largest internetwork, connecting thousands of networks worldwide. Also known as the world wide web (www)
  
• IP address - a 32-bit address assigned to hosts using the TCP/IP protocol. Each computer/device on the public internet has a unique IP address. An example of an IP address is 192.168.1.
  

• LAN (Local Area Network) – computer/data network which is confined in a limited geographical area.
  
• MAC Address (Media Access Control) - A unique identifier attached to most forms of networking equipment. It is burned into the device and cannot be changed
  
• Megabit - A measure of data transmission speed – 1 million bits per second or approximately 125,000 characters per second
  

• Megabyte - A unit of measure for memory or hard disk storage capacity. 1024 megabytes = 1 gigabyte.

• Network - A group of computers and devices that can communicate with each other and share resources.

•  Network Interface Card (NIC) – A hardware device inside a computer or other network device that enables communication with a network.

• Packet - The unit of data sent across a network. Data is broken up into packets for sending over a packet switching network.
  

• PING (Packet Internet Groper) – A command used to test connectivity to a device over a TCP/IP network.
  

•  Protocol – Rules determining the format and transmission of data over a network

• RJ-45 - Standard connectors used for unshielded twisted-pair cable. Most commonly used with Cat5 network cabling.
  

• Route – A path through an internetwork.
  

• Router – A device that routes/forwards data across a networks.
  
• Server - A computer that handles requests for data, email, files, and other network services from other computers (clients)

• Subnet - A portion of a network that shares a common address component but is on a different segment than the rest of the network.
  

• TI Line – A high speed dedicated data line that supports a transmission rate of 1.544 Mbps
  

• TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. A suite of protocols used as the basis of the nation's internetwork (Internet). It can also be used on internal networks.
  
• UNC (Universal Naming Convention) Path - A UNC provides a naming convention for identifying network resources. UNC names consist of three parts, a server name, a share name, and an optional file path.

• WAN (wide area network) - A network linking together networks located in other geographic areas.